On Elastic Klein Bottle and Fundamental Groups

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to give a combinatorial characterization and also construct representations of the fundamental group of the submanifolds of elastic Klein Bottle by using some geometrical transformations. The homotopy groups of the limit elastic Klein Bottle are presented. The fundamental groups of some types of geodesics in elastic Klein Bottle are discussed. New types of homotopy maps are deduced. Theorems governing this connection are achieved.

1. Introduction and Definitions

In vector spaces and linear maps; topological spaces and continuous maps; groups and homomorphisms together with the distinguished family of maps is referred to as a category. An operator which assigns to every object in one category a corresponding object in another category and to every map in the first a map in the second in such a way that compositions are preserved and the identity map is taken to the identity map is called a functor. Thus, we may summarize our activities thus far by saying that we have constructed a functor (the fundamental group functor) from the category of pointed spaces and maps to the category of groups and homomorphisms. Such functors are the vehicles by which one translates topological problems into algebraic problem El-Ahmady [1-3].

Most folding problems are attractive from a pure mathematical standpoint, for the beauty of the problems themselves. The folding problems have close connections to important industrial applications Linkage folding has applications in robotics and hydraulic tube bending. Paper folding has application in sheet-metal bending, packaging, and air-bag folding. Following the great Soviet geometer, also, used folding to solve difficult problems related to shell structures in civil engineering and aero space design, namely buckling instability El-Ahmady [4]. Isometric folding between two Riemannian manifold may be characterized as maps that send piecewise geodesic segments to a piecewise geodesic segments of the same length El-Ahmady [5]. For a topological folding the maps do not preserves lengths ElAhmady [6] and [7]. i.e. A map, where and N are -Riemannian manifolds of dimension m and n respectively is said to be an isometric folding of M into N, iff for any piecewise geodesic path, the induced path is a piecewise geodesic and of the same length as. If does not preserve length, then  is a topological folding El-Ahmady [8, 9].

A subset A of a topological space X is called a retract of X if there exists a continuous map such that where A is closed and X is open El-Ahmady [10] and [11]. Also, let X be a space and A a subspace. A map such that  is called a retraction of X onto A and A is the called a retract of X El-Ahmady [12-19] Reid [20]. This can be re stated as follows. If is the inclusion map, then is a map such that. If, in addition, , we call a deformation retract and A a deformation retract of X Arkowitz [21]. Another simple but extremely useful idea is that of a retract. If then is a retract of if . If and, then f is a retract of if and [13,14].

i.e. If and then f is a retract of if there is a commutative diagram.

that is, , , , , and fr = sg Shick [22] and Storn [23]. The elastic manifold is a manifold attached with, is the coefficient of elasticity, i.e.. If, then, the usual manifold, and is the complete manifold also for an elastic manifold, the distance between any two points is not constant. The aim of this paper is to describe the connection between the fundamental group and the homotopy group geometrically, specifically concerned with the study of the new type of retraction, deformation retract, folding and the fundamental group of elastic Klein bottle as presented by El-Ahmady [1,2].

2. Main Results

To obtain the main results, we will introduce the following definition.

The Klein bottle can be realized as a parametric surface in. At each point of the circle of radius a in the plane there is now available a three-dimensional hyperplane in perpendicular to the circle. A smaller circle of radius can be rotated about a diameter at half the rate of revolution about the circle of radius, giving a Klein bottle Shick [2,3]. The parameterization is given analytically as follows

(1)

Points in Points in the plane which are identified as indicated in Figure 1 are mapped into the same points in by these equations.

From view point of elastic manifold if are variables and instance. Hence the parameterization of elastic Klein bottle is given analytically and (1) becomes

(2)

The metric of elastic Klein bottle is given by

. (3)

Theorem 1. The fundamental group of types of the deformation retracts of open elastic Klein bottle is isomorphic to Z.

Proof. Now we will prove that and are the deformation retract of open elastic Klein bottle. Using Lagrangian equations to obtain a geodesics and retractions of elastic Klein bottle. From Equation

Figure 1. Model of the Klein bottle.

(3) we get

Then, the Lagrangian equations for elastic Klein bottle are

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

solving Equation (4) implies

consider the case, and and. Then we are going to discuss the following cases

(i) If, then, where c and a are constant. If, then, which means that the deformation of the manifold is regular (the piecewise geodesic deformed into piecewise geodesic). Now, if, then, and the piecewise geodesic deformed into non-piecewise geodesic and the deformation of the elastic manifold is not regular and (5) becomes

,

,

,

.

which is the elastic hyper Klein bottle. It is not a geodesic.

(ii) If, then, also from Equation (5) we have

,

,

,

.

which is the elastic hyper Klein bottle which is not a geodesic.

Now, can be true only for and (5) becomes

, , ,.

Which is the elastic hyper sphere which is a geodesic.

(iii) If, then constant

, if, there are two geodesics in elastic Klein bottle given by, , .

Which is the elastic great circle.. Also,

, ,.

Which is the elastic great circle

(iv) If, then constant, if. Hence the coordinate of elastic Klein bottle are

which is the elastic hyper Klein bottle, it is a geodesic. Also, if, then we obtain the following geodesic given by

It follows immediately that. is a geodesic. The deformation retract of the elastic Klein bottle may be defined as follows

.

Also, the retraction of the elastic Klein bottle is defined as follows: or or or or or or.

The deformation retract of (2) into a retraction is given by

where

and.

Thus,. Therefore

.

Also, the deformation retract of (2) into a retraction is defined as

where

and.

Thus,.

Therefore.

Corollary 1. The fundamental group of types of the deformation retracts of open elastic Klein bottle and any manifold homeomorphic to elastic Klein bottle is isomorphic to Z.

Theorem 2. The fundamental group of any folding of elastic great circle and elastic great circle is either isomorphic to Z or identity group.

Proof. Now, we are going to discuss the folding  of and.

Let where

also let where

An isometric folding of into itself may be defined by

.

Also, an isometric folding of into itself may be defined by

This type of folding and any folding homeomorphic to this folding induce singularity of, and

thus also. Now, if the folding is defined as

, and

this type of folding and also any folding homeomorphic to this folding not induce singularity of, and any manifold homeomorphic to,

. Then and.

Corollary 2. The fundamental group of types of geodesic in elastic Klein bottle can be considered as the fundamental group of types of a deformation retract in elastic Klein bottle.

Theorem 3. The fundamental group of types of the deformation retracts of the elastic Klein bottle is either a fundamental group of types of the geodesics or not and its folding may be the fundamental group of types of the deformation retracts or not.

Theorem 4. The fundamental group of the limit of foldings of the elastic hyper sphere is the identity group.

Proof. Now consider the elastic hyper sphere of dimension three which is a geodesic in elastic Klein bottle and let is a folding map ,now we can define a series of folding maps by

,

,

,

is a sphere of dimension two. Therefore

is the identity group.

Theorem 5. Under the folding

, the fundamental group of the limit of foldings of the elastic hyper sphere in elastic Klein bottle is isomorphic to Z.

Proof. Now consider the elastic hyper sphere of dimension three which is a geodesic in elastic Klein bottle and if we let

be given by

Then, the isometric chain folding of the elastic hypersphere into itself may be defined by

,

,

,

.

Then we get

which is the elastic great circle

Therefore

Theorem 6. Under the folding

, the fundamental group of the limit of foldings of the elastic hyper sphere in elastic Klein bottle is the identity group.

Proof. Consider the elastic hyper sphere of dimension three which is a geodesic in elastic Klein bottle and if we let be given by

Then, the isometric chain folding of the elastic hyper sphere into itself may be defined by

,

Then we get , which a zerodimensional hypersphere in elastic Klein bottle. Thus, it is a point and the fundamental group of a point is the identity group.

Corollary 3. The fundamental group of the end limits of foldings of the n-dimensional manifold homeomorphic n-dimensional elastic Klein bottle into itself is the identity group.

Proof. let be a type of foldings of ndimensional manifold . Then, we have the following chains

,

Thus from the above chain the end of the limits of folding coincides with the zero-dimensional manifold. Thus, it is a point and the fundamental group of a point is the identity group.

Theorem 7. The fundamental group of the minimal retraction of the n-dimensional manifold homeomorphic n-dimensional elastic Klein bottle is the identity group.

Proof. let be the retractions map. Then, we have the following chains

Thus from the above chain the minimal retractions of the n-dimensional manifold coincides with the zerodimensional space which is the limit of retractions. Thus, it is a point and the fundamental group of a point is the identity group.

Theorem 8. The fundamental group of the end of the limits of folding of the n-dimensional manifold homeomorphic n-dimensional elastic Klein bottle coincides with the fundamental group of the minimal retractions of the n-dimensional manifold.□

3. Conclusion

In this paper we achieved the approval of the important of the fundamental groups in the submanifolds of elastic Klein bottle by using some geometrical transformations. The relations between foldings, retractions, deformation retracts, limits of foldings and limits of retraction of the fundamental groups in the submanifolds of elastic Klein bottle are discussed. The connection between limits of the folding and the fundamental groups are obtained. New types of minimial retractions on the fundamental groups are deduced.

4. Acknowledgements

The author is deeply indebted to the team work at the deanship of the scientific research, Taibah University for their valuable help and critical guidance and for facilitating many administrative procedures. This research work was financed supported by Grant No. 3066/1434 from the deanship of the scientific research at Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.

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