Quality Management

Compliance is an act or a process of obeying an order or meeting a rule, specification, procedure, or request.

Concession is the act of giving up reaching agreement that is the official permission to carry out a particular type of business by a government or company.

Conformity is the behaviour followed the standards that is expected by a group or society.

Consequence of Failure (CoF) is defined for all consequences in safety, economy and environment that is evaluated as the outcomes of a failure based on the assumptions that such a failure will occur. A CoF analysis estimates failure consequences resulting from a failure mode due to the identified damage mechanisms that is to categorise assets based on the potential failure significance. (Refer to the Probability of Failure (PoF))

Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) is the direct and indirect costs associated with any activity that is incurred to remedy defects discovered before the product or service is delivered to the customer and incurred to remedy defects discovered by customers. A COPQ is the financial qualification of any loss or waste that is a refinement of the concept of quality costs from the effort to study the concept of tailored quality costs of While Feigenbaum of IBM in the 1960s.

Defect is a type of nonconformities, or a fault or problem on the products or services that occurs when the work is not performed correctly or fail to meet the specified requirement.

Defects per Million Opportunities (DPMO) is a measure of the number of errors occurring in a business or manufacturing process that is average number of Defects per Unit (DPU) observed during an average production run divided by the normalised one million of opportunities, expressed in parts per million. The Six Sigma methodology aims for a maximum of 3.4 defects per million opportunities.

ISO 21500:2012 provides Guidance for Project Management and can be used by any type of organisation, including public, private or community organisations, and for any type of project, irrespective of complexity, size, or duration. It provides high-level description of concepts and processes that are considered to form good practice in project management. Projects are placed in the context of programmes and project portfolios, however, ISO 21500:2012 does not provide detailed guidance on the management of programmes and project portfolios. Topics pertaining to general management are addressed only within the context of project management.

ISO 9000 family addresses various aspects of Quality Management and contains some of ISO’s best known standards. The standards provide guidelines and tools for companies and organisations who want to ensure that their products and services consistently meet customer’s requirements, and that quality is consistently improved.

Standards in the ISO 9000 family include:

ISO 9001:2015 – sets out the requirements of a quality management system,

ISO 9000:2015 – covers the basic concepts and language,

ISO 9004:2009 – focuses on how to make a quality management system more efficient and effective,

ISO 19011:2011 – sets out guidance on internal and external audits of quality management systems.

Measuring Equipment (or Tool) includes all the things needed to carry out a measurement process that can be instruments and apparatuses as well as all associated software, standards, and reference materials.

Performance Test is a test or an examination of the plant capacity and quality to achieve the desired results that is to verify the plant meets the specifications and contractual requirement. The Performance Test requires a system or plant to actually perform a task or activity, rather than individual performance tests or inspections referring to specific parts.

Probability of Failure (PoF) is the measure of the likelihood that includes a confidence levelling with regard to the damage rates and mechanisms, and the effectiveness of the inspection program. A PoF is estimated both qualitatively and quantitatively as failure frequencies of different types of mechanisms in the operating system. In Risk Based Inspection (RBI) analysis, a PoF exampled failure frequencies of an event per unit as ranking categories from 1 (very low) to 5 (very high). (Refer to the Consequence of Failure (CoF))

Process-Based Quality Management System is focused on the product quality and organisational satisfy that is a quality management system (QMS) to improve organisational efficiency and effectiveness by which organisations improves safety and quality in produced outputs.  

Qualitative is based primarily on description and relating to measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity.

Quality Adjustment is the process or result of the process of estimating that removes any price differential attributed to a change in quality by adding or subtracting the estimated value.

Quality Check is the intensive review in the quality matters to test, inspect, or ask questions in order to find out the highest level of accuracy possible. (e.g., visiting a service at a pre-arranged time)

Quality Circle is the structured employee involvement groups operating in designated work areas that meets regularly to identify work related problems and to suggest solutions or improvements to management. Generally, the Quality Circle is a small group gathering, led by the supervisor or the manager who presents the solutions to the management. The Quality Circle aims to give individual members the opportunity to contribute to problem-solving and have an emphasis on teamwork and collaboration.

Quality Index is the evaluation of key factors which contribute to make up the appropriate quality as a weighted mean of all available quality indicators.

Quality Manual is a document (manual) including the company quality policy and quality systems of a company and organisation.

Quality Objective is the company quality goals that intends to achieve the value of products, services and processes. The Quality Objective is a basic quality management process to establish a set of quality objectives.

Quality Record is the documented specific information of a quality management system that relates to the quality performance, procedures, and work instructions.

Rework is 1) to change a piece of writing in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose; 2) a process required to correct defects or nonconforming items to meet the specified requirement prior to repair, replacement, etc. (Also, called as the Redo Work)

Root Cause is the reason for non-conformance or system failures that leads to an incident, unsafe act, or condition resulting in a non-conformance. The Root Cause should be permanently eliminated through a continuous process improvement to prevent an undesirable outcome.

Six Sigma (6σ) is a statistical quality control applied to business strategy. The Six Sigma (6σ) is originated by Motorola in 1986.

Standard is a written document of the level of quality providing requirements, specifications, guidelines, work processes, or characteristics. The Standard is agreed and accepted for the required particular purpose that can be used consistently, internationally, and widely to ensure the whole international businesses for materials, products, work processes and services. Standards help to identify, develop, evaluate, and provide access the applicable codes, regulations, and laws that affects a process or facility safety and quality requirements.

Tolerance is 1) a capacity to accept the existence of opinions or behaviours that one dislikes or disagrees with; 2) willingness to accept the uncertainty arising from the physical and environmental differences; 3) In economics, the level of risk or uncertainty that an investor or market participant is willing to accept. In Quality Control, a Tolerance limit is a measure used to ensure the uniformity or quality of manufactured products that is defined as a specific proportion of the population at a given confidence level.

Total Quality Control (TQC) is the practice of the quality control and management that is to develop, design, produce and service a quality product from design to delivery it with the most economical, useful, and satisfactory to the consumer. A TQC is the application of quality management principles to all areas of business that approaches to the long-term business success with continuous improvement in all aspects of an organisation as a standard process.

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a quality management approach that seeks to provide long-term success by providing unparalleled customer satisfaction through the constant delivery of quality services. TQM requires all members of an organisation participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in business processes. TQM was developed by William Deming, a management consultant whose work had a great impact on Japanese manufacturing.

Traceability is the ability to discover information about where and how a product was made including the history, distribution, location, and application of products, parts, materials, and services that is documented and recorded identification. The Traceability system records and follows the trail from suppliers and are processed and ultimately distributed as final products and services.