Ubuntu Manpage: klein – Draws a 4d Klein bottle.
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NAME
klein - Draws a 4d Klein bottle.
SYNOPSIS
klein [-display host:display.screen] [-install] [-visual visual] [-window] [-root] [-delay
usecs] [-fps] [-klein-bottle bottle-name] [-figure-8] [-squeezed-torus] [-lawson] [-mode
display-mode] [-wireframe] [-surface] [-transparent] [-appearance appearance] [-solid]
[-bands] [-colors color-scheme] [-twosided] [-rainbow] [-depth] [-view-mode view-mode]
[-walk] [-turn] [-walk-turn] [-orientation-marks] [-projection-3d mode] [-perspective-3d]
[-orthographic-3d] [-projection-4d mode] [-perspective-4d] [-orthographic-4d] [-speed-wx
float] [-speed-wy float] [-speed-wz float] [-speed-xy float] [-speed-xz float] [-speed-yz
float] [-walk-direction float] [-walk-speed float]
DESCRIPTION
The klein program shows three different Klein bottles in 4d: the figure-8 Klein bottle,
the squeezed torus Klein bottle, or the Lawson Klein bottle. You can walk on the Klein
bottle, see it turn in 4d, or walk on it while it turns in 4d. The figure-8 Klein bottle
is well known in its 3d form. The 4d form used in this program is an extension of the 3d
form to 4d that does not intersect itself in 4d (which can be seen in the depth colors
mode). The squeezed torus Klein bottle also does not intersect itself in 4d (which can be
seen in the depth colors mode). The Lawson Klein bottle, on the other hand, does
intersect itself in 4d. Its primary use is that it has a nice appearance for walking and
for turning in 3d. The Klein bottle is a non-orientable surface. To make this apparent,
the two-sided color mode can be used. Alternatively, orientation markers (curling arrows)
can be drawn as a texture map on the surface of the Klein bottle. While walking on the
Klein bottle, you will notice that the orientation of the curling arrows changes (which it
must because the Klein bottle is non-orientable). The program projects the 4d Klein
bottle to 3d using either a perspective or an orthographic projection. Which of the two
alternatives looks more appealing depends on the viewing mode and the Klein bottle. For
example, the Lawson Klein bottle looks nicest when projected perspectively. The figure-8
Klein bottle, on the other hand, looks nicer while walking when projected orthographically
from 4d. For the squeezed torus Klein bottle, both projection modes give equally
acceptable projections. The projected Klein bottle can then be projected to the screen
either perspectively or orthographically. When using the walking modes, perspective
projection to the screen should be used. There are three display modes for the Klein
bottle: mesh (wireframe), solid, or transparent. Furthermore, the appearance of the Klein
bottle can be as a solid object or as a set of see-through bands. Finally, the colors
with with the Klein bottle is drawn can be set to two-sided, rainbow, or depth. In the
first case, the Klein bottle is drawn with red on one "side" and green on the "other
side". Of course, the Klein bottle only has one side, so the color jumps from red to
green along a curve on the surface of the Klein bottle. This mode enables you to see that
the Klein bottle is non-orientable. The second mode draws the Klein bottle with fully
saturated rainbow colors. This gives a very nice effect when combined with the see-
through bands mode or with the orientation markers drawn. The third mode draws the Klein
bottle with colors that are chosen according to the 4d "depth" of the points. This mode
enables you to see that the figure-8 and squeezed torus Klein bottles do not intersect
themselves in 4d, while the Lawson Klein bottle does intersect itself. The rotation speed
for each of the six planes around which the Klein bottle rotates can be chosen. For the
walk-and-turn mode, only the rotation speeds around the true 4d planes are used (the xy,
xz, and yz planes). Furthermore, in the walking modes the walking direction in the 2d
base square of the Klein bottle and the walking speed can be chosen. This program is
somewhat inspired by Thomas Banchoff's book "Beyond the Third Dimension: Geometry,
Computer Graphics, and Higher Dimensions", Scientific American Library, 1990.
OPTIONS
klein accepts the following options:
-window Draw on a newly-created window. This is the default.
-root Draw on the root window.
-install
Install a private colormap for the window.
-visual visual
Specify which visual to use. Legal values are the name of a visual class, or the
id number (decimal or hex) of a specific visual.
-delay microseconds
How much of a delay should be introduced between steps of the animation. Default
10000, or 1/100th second.
-fps Display the current frame rate, CPU load, and polygon count.
The following three options are mutually exclusive. They determine which Klein bottle is
displayed.
-klein-bottle random
Display a random Klein bottle (default).
-klein-bottle figure-8 (Shortcut: -figure-8)
Display the figure-8 Klein bottle.
-klein-bottle squeezed-torus (Shortcut: -squeezed-torus)
Display the squeezed torus Klein bottle.
-klein-bottle lawson (Shortcut: -lawson)
Display the Lawson Klein bottle.
The following four options are mutually exclusive. They determine how the Klein bottle is
displayed.
-mode random
Display the Klein bottle in a random display mode (default).
-mode wireframe (Shortcut: -wireframe)
Display the Klein bottle as a wireframe mesh.
-mode surface (Shortcut: -surface)
Display the Klein bottle as a solid surface.
-mode transparent (Shortcut: -transparent)
Display the Klein bottle as a transparent surface.
The following three options are mutually exclusive. They determine the appearance of the
Klein bottle.
-appearance random
Display the Klein bottle with a random appearance (default).
-appearance solid (Shortcut: -solid)
Display the Klein bottle as a solid object.
-appearance bands (Shortcut: -bands)
Display the Klein bottle as see-through bands.
The following four options are mutually exclusive. They determine how to color the Klein
bottle.
-colors random
Display the Klein bottle with a random color scheme (default).
-colors twosided (Shortcut: -twosided)
Display the Klein bottle with two colors: red on one "side" and green on the
"other side".
-colors rainbow (Shortcut: -rainbow)
Display the Klein bottle with fully saturated rainbow colors. If the Klein bottle
is displayed as see-through bands, each band will be displayed with a different
color.
-colors depth (Shortcut: -depth)
Display the Klein bottle with colors chosen depending on the 4d "depth" of the
points.
The following four options are mutually exclusive. They determine how to view the Klein
bottle.
-view-mode random
View the Klein bottle in a random view mode (default).
-view-mode walk (Shortcut: -walk)
View the Klein bottle as if walking on its surface.
-view-mode turn (Shortcut: -turn)
View the Klein bottle while it turns in 4d.
-view-mode walk-turn (Shortcut: -walk-turn)
View the Klein bottle as if walking on its surface. Additionally, the Klein
bottle turns around the true 4d planes (the xy, xz, and yz planes).
The following options determine whether orientation marks are shown on the Klein bottle.
-orientation-marks
Display orientation marks on the Klein bottle.
-no-orientation-marks
Don't display orientation marks on the Klein bottle (default).
The following three options are mutually exclusive. They determine how the Klein bottle
is projected from 3d to 2d (i.e., to the screen).
-projection-3d random
Project the Klein bottle from 3d to 2d using a random projection mode (default).
-projection-3d perspective (Shortcut: -perspective-3d)
Project the Klein bottle from 3d to 2d using a perspective projection.
-projection-3d orthographic (Shortcut: -orthographic-3d)
Project the Klein bottle from 3d to 2d using an orthographic projection.
The following three options are mutually exclusive. They determine how the Klein bottle
is projected from 4d to 3d.
-projection-4d random
Project the Klein bottle from 4d to 3d using a random projection mode (default).
-projection-4d perspective (Shortcut: -perspective-4d)
Project the Klein bottle from 4d to 3d using a perspective projection.
-projection-4d orthographic (Shortcut: -orthographic-4d)
Project the Klein bottle from 4d to 3d using an orthographic projection.
The following six options determine the rotation speed of the Klein bottle around the six
possible hyperplanes. The rotation speed is measured in degrees per frame. The speeds
should be set to relatively small values, e.g., less than 4 in magnitude. In walk mode,
all speeds are ignored. In walk-and-turn mode, the 3d rotation speeds are ignored (i.e.,
the wx, wy, and wz speeds). In walk-and-turn mode, smaller speeds must be used than in
the turn mode to achieve a nice visualization. Therefore, in walk-and-turn mode the
speeds you have selected are divided by 5 internally.
-speed-wx float
Rotation speed around the wx plane (default: 1.1).
-speed-wy float
Rotation speed around the wy plane (default: 1.3).
-speed-wz float
Rotation speed around the wz plane (default: 1.5).
-speed-xy float
Rotation speed around the xy plane (default: 1.7).
-speed-xz float
Rotation speed around the xz plane (default: 1.9).
-speed-yz float
Rotation speed around the yz plane (default: 2.1).
The following two options determine the walking speed and direction.
-walk-direction float
The walking direction is measured as an angle in degrees in the 2d square that
forms the coordinate system of the surface of the Klein bottle (default: 7.0).
-walk-speed float
The walking speed is measured in percent of some sensible maximum speed (default:
20.0).
INTERACTION
If you run this program in standalone mode in its turn mode, you can rotate the Klein
bottle by dragging the mouse while pressing the left mouse button. This rotates the Klein
bottle in 3D, i.e., around the wx, wy, and wz planes. If you press the shift key while
dragging the mouse with the left button pressed the Klein bottle is rotated in 4D, i.e.,
around the xy, xz, and yz planes. To examine the Klein bottle at your leisure, it is best
to set all speeds to 0. Otherwise, the Klein bottle will rotate while the left mouse
button is not pressed. This kind of interaction is not available in the two walk modes.
ENVIRONMENT
DISPLAY to get the default host and display number.
XENVIRONMENT
to get the name of a resource file that overrides the global resources stored in
the RESOURCE_MANAGER property.
SEE ALSO
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2005-2014 by Carsten Steger. Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and
sell this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation. No representations
are made about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
without express or implied warranty.
AUTHOR
Carsten Steger <[email protected]>, 03-oct-2014.
Provided by: xscreensaver-gl-extra_5.34-2ubuntu1_amd64
